When people say they "binge-watched Netflix all weekend" or "binge-read the entire Harry Potter series," it's much different than saying you binge ate, and can even make light of a very serious eating disorder. We've asked registered dietitians and two eating disorder therapists to explain what binge eating is, how it differs from overeating, and how to prevent it.
What is Binge Eating?
Binge eating is eating a large quantity of food in a short period of time and often feeling guilty afterwards, explained registered dietitian Brenna O'Malley, founder of The Wellful, who specializes in helping people move away from dieting and disordered eating patterns to develop a healthy relationship with food and their body. She went on to say, "There isn't a specific number of calories that qualifies an episode of eating as a binge."
During a binge, psychotherapist Lynsey McMillan, MSc, who specializes in disordered eating, explained that there may be an "experience of some relief or comfort, temporarily slipping into an altered state of awareness or numbness to both the outside world and the person's inner-world." Brenna said, "clients describe it as similar to a blackout or trance-like state: feeling completely out of control or out of their body."
Lynsey said that "eating quickly overrides the body's fullness signals and an objectively very large amount of food can be consumed" before a person is in significant pain and forced to stop. Physical pain such as a distended stomach or feeling sick or short of breath will bring the person back into some conscious awareness. "This then gives way to emotions such as disgust, regret, guilt, anger, and always shame," Lynsey said.
The difference between normal overeating and a binge is that most of us have times where we eat past comfort, and feel overly stuffed, like when you indulge in a delicious dinner or on a holiday like Thanksgiving. Lynsey said, "binge eating is characterized by a pattern of behavior that begins with an overwhelming urge to eat, often accompanied by a fixation with getting hold of a supply of binge foods. There might be an internal struggle, but ultimately the binge is experienced as a sense of inevitability or powerlessness over the binge behavior."
Is Binge Eating the Same as Binge Eating Disorder?
According to registered dietitian and intuitive eating counselor Kathleen Meehan, MS, LDN, Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is characterized by reoccurring episodes of eating large quantities of food, a loss of control over eating, and a feeling of distress.
Registered dietitian, Kara Lydon, LDN, an intuitive eating counselor and owner of Kara Lydon Nutrition explained that BED is a clinically-diagnosed eating disorder recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) with specific diagnostic criteria. According to NEDA, Binge Eating Disorder is associated with three or more of the following:
- Eating more rapidly than usual.
- Eating until discomfort or uncomfortably full.
- Eating large amounts of food in the absence of hunger.
- Eating alone out of embarrassment because of the amount being consumed.
- Feeling ashamed, depressed, disgusted with oneself, or very guilty afterward.
Kara explained that "if someone experiences recurrent and persistent episodes of binge eating — on average, at least once a week for three months — and they aren't engaging in compensatory behaviors such as purging, fasting, or overexercising, they would likely meet criteria for BED." Kathleen noted that BED isn't associated with one body size; it affects people in all different bodies.
BED is different than just binge eating, explained Lynsey. Binge eating is an eating behavior we might all recognize ourselves doing from time to time when under stress. She said that binge eating can become an issue when it's "regularly used as a strategy to escape problems in life and when it stops being a rare or temporary release and becomes regular, all-consuming, costly, physically harmful, and prevents the sufferer from developing better ways of managing their emotions, their relationships, and their response to life."
Brenna said, "someone can experience binge eating without meeting all of the criteria for BED, and it's important to know that if you are struggling, you can still receive and benefit from help and support, whether you have a diagnosable condition or not."
What Causes Binge Eating Disorder?
"A binge eating problem has no single cause and every sufferer is different," said Lynsey. It may be brought on by an "individual's psychological makeup, an interplay of both nature and nurture," she explained, or could be a result of family history, difficult relationships, or trauma. But the root cause is almost always restriction or dieting, explained BACP-accredited eating disorder therapist Harriet Frew, MSc, because from a physiological standpoint, binge eating is your body's way of trying to survive what it perceives as a famine.
"As mammals, we have primitive built-in, anti-starvation mechanisms. When we restrict our food intake, our blood sugar drops and we may feel dizzy, anxious, or desperate — these symptoms are designed to make us sit up and take notice," Lynsey explained. "If we go without food for long periods, eventually our primitive brains will take over and ensure that we grab at any available — preferably calorie-dense — food, getting as much down as possible in case this is our one chance at survival."
When dieting or restricting food and your body becomes starved for nutrients, Kathleen explained that it kicks certain mechanisms into place, stimulating the hunger hormone and suppressing the fullness hormone, and releasing neuropeptides (chemical signals that influence the activity of the brain and the body) that make you think about food — all of these three urge you to eat food. If you're restricting, the primal hunger your body is experiencing is going to make you much more vulnerable to binge. This is one reason why there is a strong link between dieting and binge eating.
"Bingeing isn't a lack of willpower," Kathleen explained. "It's your body's natural response to restriction and not having enough to eat. Think of it like a pendulum: the farther you pull to restriction, the greater the response of the binge."
Bingeing can be a response to any dietary restraint, Harriet explained, whether it's from delaying eating (which is why intermittent fasting isn't right for everyone) or not eating enough daily calories to fuel the body. It can also be caused by "overly clean eating," Harriet said, or limiting food groups such as saying no to carbs or to sweets; Brenna said this can make people feel out of control around those foods.
"Dietary restraint is often the initial trigger, but very quickly, binge eating can be triggered by emotions," Harriet explained; maybe boredom from restrictive eating patterns, being upset with yourself and then punishing through overeating, or if you're upset about something going wrong. Kara said that while there's absolutely "nothing wrong with occasionally turning toward food as a coping tool — food is meant to be soothing and comforting — if food is your only coping skill that is well-honed, you may experience recurrent binge eating."
Negative thinking can also trigger BED, Harriet explained, for example an "all or nothing thinking. 'Once I've broken my diet, I might as well eat everything,' or overgeneralizing by thinking 'I always fail at sticking to things,' or labelling yourself 'I'm a fat and greedy person.'" Harriet added, "Negative thoughts lead to negative feelings lead to negative behaviors."
What Are the Risks of Binge Eating?
Binge eating is something to be taken seriously and brought up with your doctor and dietitian, said Brenna. Aside from extreme physical and emotional discomfort following a binge, she said you may also experience bloating, nausea, acid reflux, feeling sluggish, low energy and fatigue. Harriet added, "You may have issues with your gastrointestinal tract, due to high volumes of food ingested."
Kara added that "BED specifically is associated with mental and emotional distress, weight cycling, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes." Another issue Lynsey mentioned is that "when you shift from periods of overeating to periods of under-eating, you're at risk for not giving your body adequate or balanced nutrition."
Brenna and Lynsey said there can be emotional risks. "Since many people feel shame around bingeing, it can also lead to social isolation, eating in secret, or hiding and sneaking food, Brenna said. Lynsey added, "people may become disconnected from others, their self-esteem is impacted and relationships, work, or social life can also suffer."
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